Bell & Howell Cube Projector Main Drive Gear

Percussion musical instrument

Bell
Percussion instrument
Parts of a typical tower bell hung for swinging: 1. Bong yoke or headstock 2. canons, iii. crown, 4. shoulder, 5. waist, half dozen. audio bow, 7. lip, 8. rima oris, 9. clapper, 10. bead line
Classification	struck idiophone
Hornbostel–Sachs nomenclature	111.242 (Bells: Percussion vessels with the vibration weakest near the vertex)
Playing range
From very high to very low
Related instruments
Chimes, cowbell, handbell, gong

A bell is a directly struck idiophone percussion instrument. Most bells have the shape of a hollow cup that when struck vibrates in a single potent strike tone, with its sides forming an efficient resonator. The strike may be made by an internal "clapper" or "uvula", an external hammer, or—in small bells—by a small loose sphere enclosed within the body of the bell (jingle bell).

Bells are usually cast from bell metal (a type of statuary) for its resonant properties, but tin can also be made from other difficult materials. This depends on the part. Some pocket-sized bells such as ornamental bells or cowbells can exist made from cast or pressed metal, glass or ceramic, but large bells such as a church, clock and belfry bells are normally bandage from bong metal.

Bells intended to exist heard over a wide surface area can range from a unmarried bell hung in a turret or bell-gable, to a musical ensemble such as an English ring of bells, a carillon or a Russian zvon which are tuned to a common calibration and installed in a bell belfry. Many public or institutional buildings firm bells, most unremarkably every bit clock bells to sound the hours and quarters.

Historically, bells have been associated with religious rites, and are notwithstanding used to call communities together for religious services.^[i] After, bells were fabricated to commemorate important events or people and have been associated with the concepts of peace and freedom. The study of bells is chosen campanology.

Etymology [edit]

Bell is a word mutual to the Low German dialects, cognate with Eye Depression High german belle and Dutch bel only not appearing among the other Germanic languages except the Icelandic bjalla which was a loanword from Erstwhile English language.^[2] It is popularly^[3] but not certainly^[2] related to the former sense of to bell (Old English: bellan , 'to roar, to brand a loud noise') which gave rise to bellow.^[4]

History [edit]

Chinese bronze bell, 18th-16th century BC

The earliest archaeological bear witness of bells dates from the tertiary millennium BC, and is traced to the Yangshao culture of Neolithic China.^[5] Clapper-bells made of pottery have been found in several archaeological sites.^[6] The pottery bells later on developed into metal bells. In W Asia, the first bells appear in 1000 BC.^[v] The earliest metallic bells, with one found in the Taosi site and 4 in the Erlitou site, are dated to most 2000 BC.^[7] With the emergence of other kinds of bells during the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1050 BC), they were relegated to subservient functions; at Shang and Zhou sites, they are as well found as part of the horse-and-chariot gear and every bit collar-bells of dogs.^[8] By the 13th century BC, bells weighing over 150 kg were beingness cast in Red china. After one thousand Advertizement, iron became the most commonly used metallic for bells instead of bronze. The earliest dated atomic number 26 bell was manufactured in 1079, found in Hubei Province.^[ix]

Bells west of Cathay did non achieve the same size until the second millennium AD. Assyrian bells dated to the seventh century BC were around 4 inches loftier. Roman bells dated to the 1st and second century AD were around 8 inches loftier.^[ten] The volume of Exodus in the Bible notes that small gold bells were worn every bit ornaments on the hem of the robe of the high priest in Jerusalem.^[11] Among the aboriginal Greeks, handbells were used in camps and garrisons and by patrols that went around to visit sentinels.^[12] Amid the Romans, the hr of bathing was announced past a bell. They also used them in the home, as an ornament and keepsake, and bells were placed around the necks of cattle and sheep so they could be constitute if they strayed. As late as the 10th century Advertizing, European bells were no higher than 2 feet in peak.^[10]

See also Klang Bell (Malaysia, 2 c. BC) of the British Museum collection.

Styles of ringing [edit]

Static bells struck by solenoid-operated hammers in a bell-gable.

Mechanism of a bell hung for English full-circle ringing. The bong can swing through a full circumvolve in alternating directions.

English full-circle bells shown in the "down" position, in which they are normally left between ringing sessions.

English full-circle bells shown in the "up" position.

In the western world, the common class of bell is a church building bell or town bell, which is hung within a belfry or bell cote. Such bells are either fixed in a static position ("hung dead") or mounted on a beam (the "headstock") so they tin can swing to and fro. Bells that are hung dead are normally sounded by hitting the audio bow with a hammer or occasionally by pulling an internal clapper against the bong.

Where a bell is swung it can either be swung over a modest arc by a rope and lever or by using a rope on a bike to swing the bong higher. As the bong swings higher the sound is projected outwards rather than downwards. Larger bells may be swung using electric motors. In some places, such as Salzburg Cathedral, the clappers are held confronting the sound bow whilst the bells are raised, and so released sequentially to give a clean start to the ringing. In the end, they are successively caught again by the mechanism to silence the bells.^[13]

Bells hung for total circumvolve ringing are swung through just over a consummate circle from oral cavity uppermost. A stay (the wooden pole seen sticking up when the bells are down) engages a mechanism to permit the bell to balance merely by its remainder signal. The rope is attached to 1 side of a wheel and so that a unlike amount of rope is wound on and off as information technology swings to and fro. The bells are controlled by ringers (one to a bong) in a chamber beneath, who rotate the bell to through a full circle and dorsum, and control the speed of oscillation when the bong is mouth up at the residual-indicate when little effort is required.

Swinging bells are sounded by an internal clapper. The clapper may take a longer period of swing than the bell. In this case, the bell volition grab up with the clapper and if rung to or nigh full circle will behave the clapper upwardly on the bell'south trailing side. Alternatively, the clapper may have a shorter menstruation and grab up with the bong's leading side, travel upwardly with the bell coming to residual on the downhill side. This latter method is used in English style full circle ringing.

Occasionally the clappers have leather pads (called muffles) strapped around them to quieten the bells when practice ringing to avoid annoying the neighbourhood. Too at funerals, half-muffles are oftentimes used to give a full open up sound on one round, and a muffled sound on the alternate round – a distinctive, mournful effect. This was done at the Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.

A carillon, which is a musical instrument consisting of at to the lowest degree 23 bandage bronze cup-shaped bells, is tuned so that the bells can be played serially to produce a tune, or sounded together to play a chord. A traditional carillon is played by striking a baton keyboard with the fists, and by pressing the keys of a pedal keyboard with the anxiety. The keys mechanically activate levers and wires that connect to metal clappers that strike the within of the bells, assuasive the performer to vary the intensity of the annotation according to the force applied to the key.

Church and temple bells [edit]

In the Eastern earth, the traditional forms of bells are temple and palace bells, small-scale ones being rung by a sharp rap with a stick, and very big ones rung by a blow from the outside by a large swinging axle. (See images of the nifty bong of Mii-dera below.)

The striking technique is employed worldwide for some of the largest tower-borne bells because swinging the bells themselves could damage their towers.

In the Roman Catholic Church building and amidst some High Lutherans and Anglicans, small mitt-held bells, called Sanctus or sacring bells,^[xiv] are often rung past a server at Mass when the priest holds high up first the host and and then the chalice immediately after he has said the words of consecration over them (the moment known as the Elevation). This serves to indicate to the congregation that the bread and wine have merely been transformed into the Body and Blood of Christ (run across transubstantiation), or, in the alternative Reformation instruction, that Christ is at present actual present in the elements, and that what the priest is belongings up for them to await at is Christ himself (see consubstantiation).

In Russian Orthodox bell ringing, the entire bong never moves, only the clapper. A complex system of ropes is developed and used uniquely for every bong belfry. Some ropes (the smaller ones) are played by hand, the bigger ropes are played by foot.

Bells in Japanese religion [edit]

Japanese Shintoist and Buddhist bells are used in religious ceremonies. Suzui, a homophone pregnant both "absurd" and "refreshing", are spherical bells which contain metallic pellets that produce sound from the inside. The hemispherical bell is the Kane bong, which is struck on the outside. Big suspended temple bells are known every bit bonshō. (See besides ja:鈴, ja:梵鐘).

Bells in Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism [edit]

Jain, Hindu and Buddhist bells, chosen "Ghanta" (IAST: Ghaṇṭā) in Sanskrit, are used in religious ceremonies. Run into too singing bowls. A bell hangs at the gate of many Hindu temples and is rung at the moment one enters the temple.^[15]

Japanese temple bell of the Ryōanji Temple, Kyoto
"Bell house at Shimoda" in Japan
Jain bell inside temple, Chittorgarh Fort

Bellfounding [edit]

The process of casting bells is called bellfounding, and in Europe dates to the 4th or 5th century.^[16] The traditional metal for these bells is a bronze of about 23% can.^[17] Known every bit bong metal, this blend is besides the traditional blend for the finest Turkish and Chinese cymbals. Other materials sometimes used for large bells include brass and iron. Steel was tried during the busy church-edifice period of mid-19th-century England, because information technology was more economical than bronze, but was plant non to exist durable and manufacture ceased in the 1870s.^[18]

Casting [edit]

Small bells were originally made with the lost wax process simply large bells are bandage mouth downwards by filling the air space in a two-function mould with molten metal. Such a mould has an outer section clamped to a base-plate on which an inner cadre has been synthetic.^[19]

The cadre is built on the base-plate using porous materials such as coke or brick and then covered in loam well mixed with straw and horse manure. This is given a profile corresponding to the inside shape of the finished bell and stale with gentle heat. Graphite and whiting are applied to form the final, smooth surface.

The outside of the mould is made within a perforated cast-iron case, larger than the finished bell, containing the loam mixture which is shaped, dried and smoothed in the same fashion as the core. The example is inverted (oral cavity down), lowered over the cadre and clamped to the base plate. The clamped mould is supported, usually by being buried in a casting pit to deport the weight of metal and to allow even cooling.^[xx]

Historically, before runway or road transport of large bells was possible, a "bell pit" was often dug in the grounds of the building where the bell was to be installed. Molten bell metallic is poured into the mould through a box lined with foundry sand. The founder would bring his casting tools to the site, and a furnace would be built next to the pit.

Bong tuning [edit]

The principal harmonics of the Erfurt bell (1497)^[21] typical of a harmonically-tuned bong:^[a] strike notation is E, with hum annotation an octave below, minor tertiary, fifth, nominal to a higher place, and major third and perfect 5th in the second octave.

Spectrum of the tenor bell of Winchester Cathedral as analyzed past Jonathan Harvey using FFT^[b] "The bong produces a secondary pitch (f') which lies exterior that 'inharmonic series though it is clearly aural when the bell is struck, 'to curiously thrilling and agonizing outcome.'"^[22] Play approximation(help·info) The strike tone is eye C, the hum tone an octave beneath.

Large bells are generally around 80% copper and 20% tin can (bell metal), which has been found empirically to give the most pleasant tone. However, the tone of a bell is mostly due to its shape. A bell is regarded as having a skilful tone when it'south "in tune with itself".^[23] In western bong founding, this is known as "harmonic tuning" of a bell, which results in the bell's strongest harmonics being in harmony with each other and the strike note. This produces the brightest and purest sound, which is the attractive sound of a good bong. A huge amount of effort has been expended over the centuries in finding the shape which will produce the harmonically tuned bell.

The accompanying musical staves evidence the series of harmonics which are generated when a bong is struck. The Erfurt bell is notable that information technology although it is an old bell, it is harmonically tuned, but was not typical of its fourth dimension. Pieter and François Hemony in the 17th century reliably cast many bells for carillons of incomparable quality of tuning for the time, merely subsequently their expiry, their guarded trade secrets were lost, and not until the 19th century were bells of comparable tuning quality cast. It was just in modern times that repeatable harmonic tuning using a known scientific ground was achieved. The main partials (or harmonics) of a well-tuned bong are:

hum note (an octave below the named note)
strike tone (too called tap note or named note)
tierce (a minor 3rd higher up named note)
quint (a fifth in a higher place named note)
nominal (an octave to a higher place named annotation)

Farther, less-audible, harmonics include the major third and a perfect fifth in the 2d octave in a higher place the named notation.

This quest by various founders over centuries of bell founding has resulted in the development of an optimum profile for casting each size of a bell to give true harmonic tuning. Although bells are cast to authentic patterns, variations in casting mean that a terminal tuning is necessary as the shape of the bell is disquisitional in producing the desired strike note and associated harmonics. Tuning is undertaken by clamping the bell on a large rotating table and using a cut tool to remove metallic. This is an iterative process in which metal is removed from sure parts of the bell to alter certain harmonics. This process was made possible historically by the use of tuning forks to find sympathetic resonance on specific parts of a bong for the harmonic being tuned, but today electronic strobe tuners are normally used. To melody the strike note, the nominal or the strike note are tuned; the consequence is usually the same because the nominal is one of the principal partials that determines the tone of the strike note.^[24] The thickness of a church building bong at its thickest role, chosen the "audio bow", is usually one thirteenth its bore. If the bong is mounted equally cast, it is called a "maiden bell".^[25] ^[26]

Major 3rd bong [edit]

The traditional harmonically tuned bong has a small-scale third as a main harmonic. On the theory that western music in major keys may sound amend on bells with a major 3rd equally a harmonic, production of bells with major thirds was attempted in the 1980s. Scientists at the Technical University in Eindhoven, using computer modelling, produced bell profiles which were cast by the Eijsbouts Bellfoundry in the Netherlands.^[25] They were described every bit resembling one-time Coke bottles^[27] in that they had a bulge effectually the middle;^[28] In 1999 a design without the bulge was announced.^[29] Nevertheless, the major bong concept has found lilliputian favour, and modest third bells are most universally cast today.

Use in clock chimes [edit]

Bells are also associated with clocks, indicating the 60 minutes by the striking of bells. Indeed, the word clock comes from the Latin give-and-take Cloca, meaning bell. Bells in clock towers or bell towers tin can be heard over long distances, which was particularly of import in the time when clocks were too expensive for widespread use.

In the instance of clock towers and grandfather clocks, a particular sequence of tones may exist played to distinguish between the hour, half-hr, quarter-hour, or other intervals. 1 common pattern is called "Westminster Quarters," a sixteen-annotation blueprint named later on the Palace of Westminster which popularized it as the mensurate used past Big Ben.

Notable bells [edit]

The Great Bell of Dhammazedi (1484) may accept been the largest bell ever made. Information technology was lost in a river in Burma after being removed from a temple by the Portuguese in 1608. It is reported to take weighed virtually 300 tonnes (330 tons).
The Tsar Bong past the Motorin Bellfounders is the largest bell still in existence. Information technology weighs 160 tonnes (180 tons), but it was never rung and broke in 1737. It is on display in Moscow, Russian federation, within the Kremlin.
The Corking Mingun Bell is the largest operation bell. It is located in Mingun, Burma, and weighs 90 tonnes (100 tons).
The Gotenba Bell is the largest functioning swinging bell, weighing 79,900 pounds (36,200 kg). It is located in a tourist resort in Gotenba, Japan. Hung in a freestanding frame, it is rung by hand. It was bandage by Eijsbouts in 2006.
The World Peace Bell was the largest operation swinging bell until 2006.^{[ citation needed ]} It is located in Newport, Kentucky, United States, and was cast by the Paccard Foundry of France. The bong itself weighs 66,000 pounds (xxx,000 kg); with clapper and supports, the total weight which swings when the bell is rung is 89,390 pounds (xl,550 kg).
The largest Bell of the People's Salvation Cathedral is the largest gratuitous-swinging church building bong in the world, surpassing the Petersglocke of Cologne Cathedral. Weighing more than than 25 tons, information technology was cast by the Grassmayr Bell Foundry on the 11th of November 2016 and has a peak of 3,130 mm, thickness of 273 mm.
The Bong of King Seongdeok is the largest extant bell in Korea. The full Korean proper name means "Sacred Bell of King Seongdeok the Great." Information technology was besides known as the Bell of Bongdeoksa Temple, where it was first housed. The bell weighs most 25 tons and was originally bandage in 771 CE. It is now stored in the National Museum of Gyeongju.
Pummerin in Vienna's Stephansdom is the nigh famous bell in Austria and the fifth largest in the world.^{[ citation needed ]}
The St. Petersglocke, in the local dialect of Cologne also called dä Dicke Pitter ("fat Peter", Colognian pronunciation: [ˌdekə ˈpitˑɐ]), is a bell in Germany's Cologne Cathedral. It weighs 24 tons and was cast in 1922. Information technology is the largest functioning free-swinging bong in the world that swings from its top. (The Gotenba Bong and the World Peace Bell swing effectually their heart of gravity, which is more than like turning than swinging. So, depending on the indicate of view, the St. Petersglocke may be considered the largest complimentary-swinging bell in the globe.)
Maria Dolens, the bell for the Fallen in Rovereto (Italy) weighs 22.6 tons.^{[ commendation needed ]}
The South West tower of St Paul's Cathedral in London, England, houses Great Paul, the second largest bell at 16.five tons in the British Isles. One tin can hear Peachy Paul booming out over Ludgate Loma at 1300 every day.
The Olympic Bong, commissioned and cast for the 2012 London Olympic Games, is the largest harmonically-tuned bell in the earth.
Big Ben is the fourth-largest bell in the British Isles, later The Olympic Bell (used at the opening of the 2012 Olympic Games), Great Paul (St Paul's Cathedral, City of London) and Cracking George (Liverpool Cathedral). Big Ben is the hr bell of the Keen Clock in the Elizabeth Tower (formerly chosen the Clock Tower) at the Palace of Westminster, the Houses of Parliament.
The Dom Tower in the metropolis of Utrecht, the netherlands, houses the Salvator, weighing 8.2 tons and cast in 1505 by Geert van Wou.
Nifty Tom is the bell that hangs in Tom Belfry (designed past Christopher Wren) of Christ Church building, Oxford. Information technology was cast in 1680 and weighs over 6 tons. Great Tom is still rung 101 times at 21:05 every night to signify the 101 original scholars of the college.
The Liberty Bell is a 2,080 pounds (940 kg)^[thirty] American bell of bully celebrated significance, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It previously hung in Independence Hall.
Sigismund is a 12 tonne bell in the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland, cast in 1520. It is rung only on very significant national occasions.
The Maria Gloriosa in Erfurt Cathedral, Germany was bandage by Geert van Wou in 1497, weighs more than than 12,500 kg (13 tons) and is the world'southward largest medieval complimentary-swinging bell.^[31] ^[21]
The Lutine Bell, is the ship's bong of the wrecked HMS Lutine, weighs 106 pounds (48 kg) and bears the inscription "ST. JEAN – 1779". It rests in Lloyd's of London Underwriting Room where it used to exist struck when news of an overdue ship arrived—once for the loss of a ship (i.e., bad news, last in 1979), and twice for her return (i.e., skillful news, terminal in 1989).
The tenor (heaviest bell) of the modify-ringing peal at Liverpool Cathedral is the heaviest bell hung for full-circle ringing.

Usage as musical instruments [edit]

A bell out of bronze with its main tone at 1133 Hertz

Some bells are used as musical instruments, such as carillons, (clock) chimes, agogô, or ensembles of bell-players, chosen bong choirs, using hand-held bells of varying tones.^[c] A "band of bells" is a set of four to twelve or more than bells used in modify ringing, a particular method of ringing bells in patterns. A peal in changing ringing may accept bells playing for several hours, playing v,000 or more than patterns without a break or repetition. They have also been used in many kinds of popular music, such as in Ac/DC's "Hells Bells" and Metallica's "For Whom the Bell Tolls".

Aboriginal Chinese bells [edit]

The aboriginal Chinese bronze chinkle bells called bianzhong or zhong / zeng (鐘) were used as polyphonic musical instruments and some have been dated at between 2000 and 3600 years old. Tuned bells have been created and used for musical performance in many cultures just Zhong are unique amongst all other types of cast bells in several respects and they rank among the highest achievements of Chinese bronze casting engineering science. However, the remarkable secret of their blueprint and the method of casting—known only to the Chinese in artifact—was lost in later generations and was not fully rediscovered and understood until the 20th century.

In 1978 a complete ceremonial set up of 65 Zhong bells was plant in a nearly-perfect state of preservation during the excavation of the tomb of Marquis Yi, ruler of Zeng, one of the Warring States. Their special shape gives them the ability to produce two different musical tones, depending on where they are struck. The interval between these notes on each bong is either a major or minor 3rd, equivalent to a distance of four or five notes on a pianoforte.^[32]

The bells of Marquis Yi—which were still fully playable after about 2500 years—embrace a range of slightly less than five octaves only thanks to their dual-tone capability, the ready can sound a consummate 12-tone scale—predating the development of the European 12-tone system by some 2000 years—and can play melodies in diatonic and pentatonic scales.^[33]

Another related ancient Chinese musical instrument is chosen qing (磬 pinyin qìng) but it was made of stone instead of metal.

In more recent times, the top of bells in Prc was unremarkably decorated with a small dragon, known every bit pulao; the figure of the dragon served equally a claw for hanging the bell.

This copper bong was fabricated by pre-Columbian North American natives.

Konguro'o [edit]

Konguro'o is a pocket-sized bell which, like the Djalaajyn, was starting time used for commonsensical purposes and only after for artistic ones. Konguro'o rang when moving to new places. They were fastened to the horse harnesses and created a very specific "smart" sound background. Konguro'o also hung on the neck of the leader goat, which the sheep herd followed. This led to the clan in folk retentiveness between the distinctive sound of konguro'o and the nomadic way of life.

To brand this musical instrument, Kyrgyz foremen used copper, bronze, iron and brass. They likewise decorated information technology with creative carving and covered it with silvery. Sizes of the instruments might vary within certain limits, what depended on its role. Every bell had its own timbre.

Chimes [edit]

A variant on the bell is the tubular bell. Several of these metal tubes which are struck manually with hammers, class an musical instrument named tubular bells or chimes. In the case of air current or aeolian chimes, the tubes are blown against one another by the air current.

Lithuanian Skrabalai [edit]

The skrabalai is a traditional folk instrument in Lithuania which consists of wooden bells of diverse sizes hanging in several vertical rows with ane or two wooden or metallic small-scale clappers hanging inside them. It is played with two wooden sticks. When the skrabalai is moved a clapper knocks at the wall of the trough. The pitch of the sound depends on the size of the wooden trough. The instrument adult from wooden cowbells that shepherds would necktie to cows' necks.

Farm bells [edit]

Whereas the church and temple bells called to mass or religious service, bells were used on farms for more than secular signalling. The greater farms in Scandinavia usually had a small bong-tower resting on the top of the barn. The bell was used to call the workers from the field at the end of the day'southward work.

The Glasgow 'Dead or Deid bell' of 1642

In folk tradition, it is recorded that each church and possibly several farms had their specific rhymes connected to the sound of the specific bells. An example is the Pete Seeger and Idris Davies song "The Bells of Rhymney".

Dead bell [edit]

In Scotland, upwardly until the nineteenth century, it was the tradition to ring a dead bell, a form of handbell, at the death of an individual and at the funeral.^[34]

Bell study and ringing organisations [edit]

The following organizations promote the ringing, study, music, collection, preservation and restoration of bells.^[35] Nation(south) covered are given in parenthesis.

The American Bell Association International (Usa with foreign chapters)
Associazione Suonatori di Campane a Sistema Veronese (Italian republic)
The Australian and New Zealand Association of Bellringers (Australia, New Zealand)
Beratungsausschuss für das Deutsche Glockenwesen (Germany)
Primal Council of Church Bong Ringers (worldwide) - promotes English style full circle alter ringing
Handbell Musicians of America (U.s.) - formerly known equally The American Guild of English Handbell Ringers (AGEHR)
Handbell Ringers of Great U.k. (United Kingdom)
Société Française de Campanologie (France)
Verband Deutscher Glockengießereien due east.V. (Germany)
Lietuvos kampanologų draugija "Societas campanarum Lituaniae" (Lithuania)
World Carillon Federation (multinational) - an international association of contained national or regional societies, https://www.carillon.org
- Association Campanaire Wallonne asbl (Belgium/Wallonia) - http://www.campano.be/
- British Carillon Guild (Britain, Ireland, Northern Ireland) - https://www.britishcarillons.org
- Carillon Order of Commonwealth of australia (Commonwealth of australia) - http://www.carillon.org.au/
- Confraria de Campaners i Carillonistes de Catalunya (Catalonia) - http://campanes.cat/
- Deutsche Glockenspiel Vereinigung (Germany) - https://glockenspieler.de/
- The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America (Canada, Mexico, United States) - https://www.gcna.org
- Guilde des Carillonneurs de France (France) - http://www.carillonneurs.fr/
- Guilde des Carillonneurs et Campanologues Suisses (Switzerland) - http://www.campanae.ch/
- Koninklijke Nederlandse Klokkenspel-Vereniging (The Netherlands) - https://www.klokkenspel.org/
- Lithuanian Carillonist Social club (Lithuania) - https://spider web.archive.org/spider web/20180911185748/http://www.carillon.lt/ last archived on xi Sep 2018
- Nordisk Selskap for Campanologi og Klokkespil (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland) - https://www.nsck.org/
- Polskie Stowarzyszenie Carillonowe (Poland) - https://web.archive.org/web/20171101132723/http://www.carillon.pl/ last archived on 1 Nov 2017
- Russian Carillon Foundation (Russia)
- Vlaamse Beiaard Vereniging (Belgium/Flanders) - https://www.beiaard.org/

Gallery [edit]

Temple bell and clapper. Banna-ji. Japan.
Bronze jingyun bong cast in the year 711 Advertisement, Xi'an.
Yongle Bell
A bong in Chang Chun Temple, Wuhan, hanging on its pulao
Bronze bell from the 2nd half of the fourteenth century, depicting Saints Peter, Paul, John the Evangelist, and Thomas.

Encounter also [edit]

American Bell Association International
Bell hanger
Bellhop
Cycle bell
Bermuda carriage bell
Cat bell
Cowbell
Doorbell
Partitioning bell
Electronic tuners, used to tune bells
Glockenspiel
Handbell
John Taylor Bellfounders
School bell
Send's bell
Suzu
Train bell
Veronese bellringing fine art
Whitechapel Bell Foundry

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

^ Fuller-Maitland 1910, p. 615 notes the strike note shown on C. Hemony appears to be the get-go to suggest this tuning.
^ Roads 1992, p. 92 states "a conspicuously aural, tedious-decaying fractional at 347 Hz with a beating component in information technology. Information technology is a resultant of the various F harmonic series partials that tin be conspicuously seen in the spectrum (5, [half-dozen], 7, ix, 11, 13, 17, etc.) abreast the C-related partials".
^ Examples of carillons can be found here: "Carillon". Musiconis Database. Université Paris-Sorbonne. Retrieved 2021-10-05 .

Citations [edit]

^ Ross 1911, pp. 687–691.
^ ^a ^b "bell, due north.¹ ", Oxford English Dictionary (1st ed.), Oxford: University Press, 1887
^ Haweis 1878, p. 536.
^ "bell, 5.^four ", Oxford English Dictionary (1st ed.), Oxford: University Printing, 1887
^ ^a ^b von Falkenhausen 1994, p. 132.
^ Huang 2002, pp. 20–27.
^ von Falkenhausen 1994, pp. 132, 329, 342, Appendix I.
^ von Falkenhausen 1994, p. 134.
^ Rostoker, Bronson & Dvorak 1984, p. 750.
^ ^a ^b Needham 1962, p. 195.
^ Exodus 28:33-34
^ National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge 1874.
^ Salzburg (Austria) The bells of Salzburg cathedral on YouTube
^ Herrera 2004.
^ "Why do Hindus ring bell in temple". 6 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved four March 2015.
^ Milham 1944, pp. 313–318.
^ Cubberly 1989, pp. 15–38.
^ Jennings 1988, p. 8.
^ Jennings 1988, pp. 3, ten.
^ Jennings 1988, p. 11.
^ ^a ^b Starmer 1902, p. 32.
^ Downes 2009, p. 22.
^ Fuller-Maitland 1910, p. 615.
^ Fletcher & Rossing 2008, p. 685: Cites Schoofs et al., 1987 for major-third bell.
^ ^a ^b Beach & Rines 1907, p. 602.
^ Encyclopedia Americana 1918, p. 477.
^ Douglas 2002.
^ "Major 3rd bong". Andrelehr.nl. Archived from the original on 2007-x-xviii.
^ Rossing 2000, p. 139.
^ "The Liberty Bell" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-xi-30. Retrieved 2010-08-xi .
^ "Erfurt Cathedral". Sacred destinations . Retrieved xix October 2019.
^ Thorne & Raymond 1989, pp. 166–167.
^ "Bronze Chime Bells of Marquis Yi". Cultural China. Archived from the original on 2011-02-03.
^ Adamson 1875, p. 189.
^ Rama 1993, pp. 229–230.

Sources [edit]

Adamson, Archibald (1875). Rambles Round Kilmarnock. Kilmarnock: T. Stevenson.
Embankment, F.C.; Rines, G.East. (1907). The Americana: A Universal Reference Library, Comprising the Arts and Sciences, Literature, History, Biography, Geography, Commerce, Etc., of the World. Scientific American.
Cubberly, William H. (1989). "Metals". In Bakerjian, Ramon (ed.). Tool and manufacturing engineers handbook. Dearborn, MI: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. ISBN978-0-87263-351-3.
The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. Vol. three. Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. 1918.
Jennings, Trevor (1988). Bong Founding. Princes Risborough, England: Shire. p. viii. ISBN0-85263-911-2.
Douglas, Marietta (June 2002). "What is a Carillon?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-04.
Downes, Michael (2009). Jonathan Harvey : Song offerings and White as jasmine. Farnham, England: Burlington, VT Ashgate. ISBN978-0-7546-6022-4. OCLC 319321762.
Fletcher, North.H.; Rossing, T. (2008). The Physics of Musical Instruments. Springer New York. ISBN978-0-387-98374-5.
Fuller-Maitland, John Alexander (1910). Grove's dictionary of music and musicians. Macmillan.
Haweis, H. R. (1878). "Bong". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (9th ed.). p. 536.
Herrera, Matthew D. (2004), Sanctus Bells: Their History and Employ in the Catholic Church (PDF), San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium, archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-04, retrieved 2011-09-26
Huang, Houming (2002). "Prehistoric Music Culture of China". Cultural Relics of Fundamental China (iii): 18–27. ISSN 1003-1731.
Milham, Willis Isbister (1944). Time and Timekeepers: Including the History, Structure, Care, and Accuracy of Clocks and Watches. New York: Macmillan. OCLC 23271006.
The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Cognition. Vol. III. London: Charles Knight. 1847. p. 126.
Needham, J. (1962). Science and Civilisation in China. Physics and concrete technology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-05802-5 . Retrieved 2021-10-20 .
Rama (1993). Cloches de France et d'ailleurs (in French). Paris: Le Temps apprivoise. ISBN2-283-58158-3. OCLC 414929215.
Roads, Curtis, ed. (1992). "The Music Machine: Selected Readings from Computer Music Journal". Computer Music Journal. ISBN978-0-262-68078-3.
Ross, Hugh Munro (1911). "Bong". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Printing. pp. 687–691.
Rossing, Thomas (2000). Science of percussion instruments. Singapore River Edge, N.J: Earth Scientific. ISBN978-981-02-4158-2. OCLC 45679450.
Rostoker, William; Bronson, Bennet; Dvorak, James (1984). "The Cast-Fe Bells of China". Technology and Civilisation. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 25 (4): 750. doi:10.2307/3104621. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 3104621.
Starmer, W. W. (1902). "Bells and Bell Tones". Proceedings of the Musical Clan. 28th Session: 25–44. JSTOR 765451.
Thorne, A.; Raymond, R. (1989). Human on the Rim: The Peopling of the Pacific. Angus & Robertson. ISBN978-0-207-16246-vi.
von Falkenhausen, L. (1994). Suspended Music: Chinkle-Bells in the Civilization of Bronze Age China. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-91107-nine.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bells.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Bells

Expect upwardly bell in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Bells at Curlie
Tower Bells
Bell recordings of the Basque Land
'Bells in Aragón: a traditional means of communication' thesis (Spanish)
Animation of English Full-circle ringing
Videos of the London Olympic bong being cast, tuned and installed.

DOWNLOAD HERE

Bell & Howell Cube Projector Main Drive Gear UPDATED

Posted by: ruthlikeemence52.blogspot.com

Bell & Howell Cube Projector Main Drive Gear UPDATED

Bell & Howell Cube Projector Main Drive Gear

Etymology [edit]

History [edit]

Styles of ringing [edit]

Church and temple bells [edit]

Bells in Japanese religion [edit]

Bells in Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism [edit]

Bellfounding [edit]

Casting [edit]

Bong tuning [edit]

Major 3rd bong [edit]

Use in clock chimes [edit]

Notable bells [edit]

Usage as musical instruments [edit]

Aboriginal Chinese bells [edit]

Konguro'o [edit]

Chimes [edit]

Lithuanian Skrabalai [edit]

Farm bells [edit]

Dead bell [edit]

Bell study and ringing organisations [edit]

Gallery [edit]

Encounter also [edit]

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

Citations [edit]

Sources [edit]

Further reading [edit]

External links [edit]

DOWNLOAD HERE

Bell & Howell Cube Projector Main Drive Gear UPDATED

Komentar

Posting Komentar

Blog Archive